introduction
1) Know that a hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
2) Understand how to represent organic molecules using empirical formulae, molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae
3) Know what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group and isomerism
4) Understand how to name compounds relevant to this specification using the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature students will be expected to name compounds containing up to six carbon atoms
5) Understand how to write the possible structural and displayed formulae of an organic molecule given its molecular formula
6) Understand how to classify reactions of organic compounds as substitution, addition and combustion knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
2) Understand how to represent organic molecules using empirical formulae, molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae
3) Know what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group and isomerism
4) Understand how to name compounds relevant to this specification using the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature students will be expected to name compounds containing up to six carbon atoms
5) Understand how to write the possible structural and displayed formulae of an organic molecule given its molecular formula
6) Understand how to classify reactions of organic compounds as substitution, addition and combustion knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
crude oil
7) Know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
8) Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
9) Know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
10) Know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
11) Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
12) Know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
13) Understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
references to haemoglobin are not required
14) Know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
15) Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
16) Understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
17) Describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600–700 ºC)
18) Explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions
8) Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
9) Know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
10) Know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
11) Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
12) Know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
13) Understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
references to haemoglobin are not required
14) Know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
15) Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
16) Understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
17) Describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600–700 ºC)
18) Explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions
alkanes
19) Know the general formula for alkanes
20) Explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
21) Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers
22) Describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
20) Explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
21) Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers
22) Describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
alkenes
23) Know that alkenes contain the functional group >C=C<
24) Know the general formula for alkenes
25) Explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
26) Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the unbranched-chain isomers knowledge of cis/trans or E/Z notation is not required
27) Describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine to produce dibromoalkanes
28) Describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene
24) Know the general formula for alkenes
25) Explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
26) Understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the unbranched-chain isomers knowledge of cis/trans or E/Z notation is not required
27) Describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine to produce dibromoalkanes
28) Describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene
* alcohols
29) Know that alcohols contain the functional group −OH
30) Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for methanol, ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol only), and name each compound the names propanol and butanol are acceptable 4.31C know that ethanol can be oxidised by: burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion), reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation), heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
31) Know that ethanol can be manufactured by: reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about 60–70 atm, the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in yeast
32) Understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of air, and at an optimum temperature
30) Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for methanol, ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol only), and name each compound the names propanol and butanol are acceptable 4.31C know that ethanol can be oxidised by: burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion), reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation), heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
31) Know that ethanol can be manufactured by: reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about 60–70 atm, the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in yeast
32) Understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of air, and at an optimum temperature
* carboxylic acids
33) Know that carboxylic acids contain the functional group
34) Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for unbranched-chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name each compound
35) Describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates
36) Know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid
34) Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for unbranched-chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name each compound
35) Describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates
36) Know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid
* esters
37) Know that esters contain the functional group
38) Know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst
39) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of ethyl ethanoate
40) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa
41) Know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes
38) Know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst
39) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of ethyl ethanoate
40) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa
41) Know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes
synthetic polymers
42) Know that an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small molecules called monomers
43) Understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer, including poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) and (poly)tetrafluoroethene
44) Understand how to deduce the structure of a monomer from the repeat unit of an addition polymer and vice versa
45) Explain problems in the disposal of addition polymers, including: their inertness and inability to biodegrade, the production of toxic gases when they are burned.
46) Know that condensation polymerisation, in which a dicarboxylic acid reacts with a diol, produces a polyester and water
47) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formula of a polyester, showing the repeat unit, given the formulae of the monomers from which it is formed including the reaction of ethanedioic acid and ethanediol:
48) Know that some polyesters, known as biopolyesters, are biodegradable
43) Understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer, including poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) and (poly)tetrafluoroethene
44) Understand how to deduce the structure of a monomer from the repeat unit of an addition polymer and vice versa
45) Explain problems in the disposal of addition polymers, including: their inertness and inability to biodegrade, the production of toxic gases when they are burned.
46) Know that condensation polymerisation, in which a dicarboxylic acid reacts with a diol, produces a polyester and water
47) Understand how to write the structural and displayed formula of a polyester, showing the repeat unit, given the formulae of the monomers from which it is formed including the reaction of ethanedioic acid and ethanediol:
48) Know that some polyesters, known as biopolyesters, are biodegradable
